Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Serum Concentrations of Ghrelin and Leptin according to Thyroid Hormone Condition, and Their Correlations with Insulin Resistance: Kyu-Jin Kim, Bo-Yeon Kim, Ji-Oh Mok, Chul-Hee Kim, Sung-Koo Kang, Chan-Hee Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):318-325. Published online May 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.318

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Background

Thyroid hormones can influence energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity via their interaction with adipocytokines and gut hormones. The aims of this study were to evaluate differences in serum ghrelin and leptin concentrations according to thyroid hormone levels, and to investigate the correlation of insulin resistance.

Methods

A total of 154 patients (57 hyperthyroid patients, 61 euthyroid patients, and 36 hypothyroid patients; mean age, 47.9 years) were enrolled. Serum leptin, ghrelin, and insulin levels were measured and insulin resistance was calculated using the formula of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Results

There were no differences in mean concentrations of ghrelin or leptin among the three groups. There were no significant differences in insulin levels between the groups (P=0.06), although hyperthyroid patients had borderline statistically significantly higher levels of insulin than did euthyroid subjects by post hoc test (26.4 µIU/mL vs. 16.1 µIU/mL, P=0.057). Regarding HOMA-IR index, the mean levels were highest in the hyperthyroid group among those of the three groups (hyperthyroid vs. euthyroid vs. hypothyroid, 6.7 vs. 3.8 vs. 4.4, P=0.068). Plasma levels of ghrelin were significantly negatively correlated with age, insulin, glucose, body mass index (BMI), and HOMA-IR. Plasma levels of leptin showed significant positive correlation with BMI and triglyceride. There were no significant correlations among thyroid hormone, thyrotropin, ghrelin, leptin, or insulin.

Conclusion

The present study found that serum ghrelin, leptin, and insulin levels didn't differ according to thyroid function conditions. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are required to establish a direct relationship between plasma ghrelin, leptin, and thyroid hormone.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Thyroid disorders and gastrointestinal dysmotility: an old association
Guang-Meng Xu, Ming-Xin Hu, Si-Yu Li, Xuan Ran, Hao Zhang, Xiang-Fu Ding
Frontiers in Physiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin in lean and hypothyroid children and adolescents with obesity
Doaa El Amrousy, Dalia El-Afify, Shaimaa Salah
BMC Pediatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mediators of energy homeostasis in hyperthyroidism
Avinash Patil, Suresh Vaikkakara, Mani Deepthi Dasari, Sandeep Ganta, Alok Sachan, Kiranmayi S. Vinapamula
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
STUDY OF GHRELIN LEVELS IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT
Peeyush Yadav, G. G. Kaushik
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2021; : 52. CrossRef
Acylated Ghrelin Attenuates l-Thyroxin–induced Cardiac Damage in Rats by Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects and Downregulating Components of the Cardiac Renin–angiotensin System
Rehab Badi
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.2021; 78(3): 422. CrossRef
Experimental hypothyroidism in adult male rats: the effects of Artemisia dracunculus aqueous extract on serum thyroid hormones, lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, and antioxidant factors
Mohammad Mohsen Mohammadi, Mahdi Saeb, Saeed Nazifi
Comparative Clinical Pathology.2020; 29(2): 485. CrossRef
Leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), melatonin and zinc levels in experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism: relation with melatonin and the pineal gland
Abdulkerim Kasım Baltaci, Rasim Mogulkoc
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Leptin, NPY, Melatonin and Zinc Levels in Experimental Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism: The Relation to Zinc
Abdulkerim Kasım Baltaci, Rasim Mogulkoc
Biochemical Genetics.2017; 55(3): 223. CrossRef
Thyroid Hormone Regulation and Insulin Resistance: Insights From Animals Naturally Adapted to Fasting
Bridget Martinez, Rudy M. Ortiz
Physiology.2017; 32(2): 141. CrossRef
Role of the Orexin System on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Antonietta Messina, Carolina De Fusco, Vincenzo Monda, Maria Esposito, Fiorenzo Moscatelli, Anna Valenzano, Marco Carotenuto, Emanuela Viggiano, Sergio Chieffi, Vincenzo De Luca, Giuseppe Cibelli, Marcellino Monda, Giovanni Messina
Frontiers in Neural Circuits.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum Concentrations of Ghrelin and Leptin according to Thyroid Hormone Condition, and Their Correlations with Insulin Resistance (Endocrinol Metab2015;30:318-25, Kyu-Jin Kim et al.)
Jin Hwa Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(4): 631. CrossRef
Serum Concentrations of Ghrelin and Leptin according to Thyroid Hormone Condition, and Their Correlations with Insulin Resistance (Endocrinol Metab2015;30:318-25, Kyu-Jin Kim et al.)
Chan-Hee Jung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(4): 633. CrossRef

Adrenal gland
Clinical Characteristics and Metabolic Features of Patients with Adrenal Incidentalomas with or without Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome: Bo-Yeon Kim, A-Reum Chun, Kyu-Jin Kim, Chan-Hee Jung, Sung Koo Kang, Ji-Oh Mok, Chul-Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):457-463. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.457

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The aim of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas discovered by computed tomography (CT) and to investigate metabolic features of subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) in patients with adrenal incidentalomas in a tertiary hospital in Korea.

Methods

This retrospective study examined the clinical aspects of 268 patients with adrenal incidentalomas discovered by CT at Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital. Clinical data and endocrine function of the patients as well as histological findings were obtained from medical records, while anatomic characteristics were analyzed by reviewing imaging studies. Hormonal tests for pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, and aldosterone-secreting adenoma were performed.

Results

Most (n=218, 81.3%) cases were nonfunctioning tumors. Of the 50 patients with functioning tumors (18.7%), 19 (7.1%) were diagnosed with SCS, nine (3.4%) with overt Cushing's syndrome, 12 (4.5%) with primary aldosteronism, and 10 (3.7%) with pheochromocytoma. Malignant tumors (both primary and metastatic) were rare (n=2, 0.7%). Body mass index, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and total cholesterol were significantly higher in patients with SCS in comparison with those with nonfunctioning tumors. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension were significantly higher in patients with SCS compared with those with nonfunctioning tumors.

Conclusion

Functioning tumors, especially those with subclinical cortisol excess, are commonly found in patients with adrenal incidentalomas, although malignancy is rare. In addition, patients with SCS in adrenal incidentalomas have adverse metabolic and cardiovascular profiles.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Management of Adrenal Cortical Adenomas: Assessment of Bone Status in Patients with (Non-Functioning) Adrenal Incidentalomas
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Mihaela Stanciu, Simona Elena Albu, Vasile Razvan Stoian, Irina Ciofu, Cristian Persu, Claudiu Nistor, Mara Carsote
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(13): 4244. CrossRef
Adrenalectomy improves blood pressure control in nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas and glycemic and lipid control in patients with autonomous cortisol secretion
Marta Araujo-Castro, César Mínguez Ojeda, María Noelia Sánchez Ramírez, Victoria Gómez Dos Santos, Eider Pascual-Corrrales, María Fernández-Argüeso
Endocrine.2022; 78(1): 142. CrossRef
Depression was associated with younger age, female sex, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity, in 1027 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a Swedish multicentre cross-sectional study
Eva O. Melin, Pär Wanby, Thomas Neumark, Sara Holmberg, Ann-Sofi Nilsson Neumark, Karin Johansson, Mona Landin-Olsson, Hans Thulesius, Magnus Hillman, Maria Thunander
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome and Visceral Adiposity Index in non-functional adrenal adenomas
Savas Karatas, Yalcin Hacioglu, Selvihan Beysel
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
DHEAS and Differential Blood Counts as Indirect Signs of Glucocorticoid Excess in Adrenal Non-Producing Adenomas
Eliza P. Winzinger, Hana Jandikova, Matthias Haase, Andreas Knauerhase, Tudor Winzinger, Matthias Schott, Holger S. Willenberg
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2021; 53(08): 512. CrossRef
Links between aldosterone excess and metabolic complications: A comprehensive review
C. Bothou, F. Beuschlein, A. Spyroglou
Diabetes & Metabolism.2020; 46(1): 1. CrossRef
Presentation and outcome of patients with an adrenal mass: A retrospective observational study
Nadeema Rafiq, Tauseef Nabi, SajadAhmad Dar, Shahnawaz Rasool
Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal.2020; 9(5): 198. CrossRef
Malignancy Risk and Hormonal Activity of Adrenal Incidentalomas in a Large Cohort of Patients from a Single Tertiary Reference Center
Ewa Cyranska-Chyrek, Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Michal Olejarz, Marek Ruchala
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(10): 1872. CrossRef
Biochemical and clinical characteristics of patients with primary aldosteronism – single centre experience
Nataša Vujačić, Ivan Paunović, Aleksandar Diklić, Vladan Živaljević, Nikola Slijepčević, Nevena Kalezić, Mirjana Stojković, Miloš Stojanović, Biljana Beleslin, Miloš Žarković, Jasmina Ćirić
Journal of Medical Biochemistry.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The association of low muscle mass with soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE): The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)
Tae Nyun Kim, Man Sik Park, Eun Joo Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Hye Jin Yoo, Hyun Joo Kang, Wook Song, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma: A novel predictive factor for metabolic syndrome
Emanuela M. Ribeiro Cavalari, Marcela P. de Paula, Mariana Arruda, Nathália Carraro, Arthur Martins, Kamila de Souza, Maria C. Coelho, Nathalie Anne de Oliveira e Silva de Morais, Aline B. Moraes, Leonardo Vieira Neto
Clinical Endocrinology.2018; 89(5): 586. CrossRef
Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentaloma: the Korean Endocrine Society, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Jung-Min Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jung-Min Koh, Bo-Yeon Kim, Sang-Wan Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Hae-Jin Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Juri Park, Jung-Soo Lim, Seong Yeon Kim, Young Kee Shong, Soon Jib Yoo
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2017; 92(1): 4. CrossRef
Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management
Carla Scaroni, Marialuisa Zilio, Michelangelo Foti, Marco Boscaro
Endocrine Reviews.2017; 38(3): 189. CrossRef
Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentaloma
Jung-Min Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jung-Min Koh, Bo-Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Juri Park, Jung Soo Lim, Seong Yeon Kim, Young Kee Shong, Soon Jib Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(2): 200. CrossRef
Increased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and 17α-hydroxylase activities in a virilized adolescent female with adrenal adenoma: A case report
GUOQING YANG, JINGTAO DOU, XIAOLIN ZHANG, WEIJUN GU, ZHAOHUI LV, JIN DU, JIANMING BA, YIMING MU, JUMING LU
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2016; 11(2): 530. CrossRef
Subclinical hypercortisolism: a state, a syndrome, or a disease?
Guido Di Dalmazi, Renato Pasquali, Felix Beuschlein, Martin Reincke
European Journal of Endocrinology.2015; 173(4): M61. CrossRef
Metabolic comorbidities in Cushing's syndrome
Francesco Ferraù, Márta Korbonits
European Journal of Endocrinology.2015; 173(4): M133. CrossRef
Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(1): 47. CrossRef
Incidentally Discovered Aldosterone and Cortisol Cosecreting Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
Ji Yun Bae, Jihyun Lee, Yeji Han, Seog Ki Min, Min-Sun Cho, Yeon-Ah Sung
The Ewha Medical Journal.2015; 38(3): 129. CrossRef
Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome and Metabolic Disorder
Ji Cheol Bae
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(4): 441. CrossRef

Thyroid
Insufficient Experience in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Leads to Misdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer: Jung Il Son, Sang Youl Rhee, Jeong-taek Woo, Won Seo Park, Jong Kyu Byun, Yu-Jin Kim, Ja Min Byun, Sang Ouk Chin, Suk Chon, Seungjoon Oh, Sung Woon Kim, Young Seol Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(3):293-299. Published online September 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.3.293

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid is a widely accepted confirmatory test for thyroid cancer with high sensitivity and specificity. FNA is a simple procedure that is learned by many clinicians to enable accurate diagnosis of thyroid cancer. However, it is assumed that because the FNA test is a relatively simple procedure, its cytologic results are reliable regardless of the operator's experience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the diagnostic indices of FNA between operators with different levels of experience.

Methods

A total of 694 thyroid FNA specimens from 469 patients were reviewed, and were separated based on the experience of the clinicians who performed the procedure. One hundred and ninety were categorized in the experienced group, and 504 in the inexperienced group. All FNA results were then compared with histological data from surgically resected specimens, and the sample adequacy and diagnostic accuracy of the groups were compared.

Results

The age, gender, and nodule size and characteristics were similar in both groups. The sample adequacy rate was not significantly different between the experienced and nonexperienced groups (96.3% vs. 95.4%, P=0.682). However, the non-experienced group had a higher false-negative rate than the experienced group (6.4% vs. 17.2%, P=0.038), and the sensitivity of the FNA test also tended to be lower in the nonexperienced group (95.6% vs. 88.9%, P=0.065).

Conclusion

These results suggest that FNA operators who have less experience may miss cases of thyroid cancer by performing the procedure incorrectly. As such, the experience of the FNA operator should be considered when diagnosing thyroid cancer. When clinicians are being trained in FNA, more effort should be made to increase the accuracy of the procedure; therefore, enhanced teaching programs and/or a more detailed feedback system are recommended.

Citations

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The Role of MMP-9 and MMP-9 Inhibition in Different Types of Thyroid Carcinoma
Zhenshengnan Li, Jia Wei, Bowen Chen, Yaoqi Wang, Shuai Yang, Kehui Wu, Xianying Meng
Molecules.2023; 28(9): 3705. CrossRef
Telecytology rapid onsite evaluation, with real-time communication between cytopathologist, cytotechnologist, and proceduralist, offers better adequacy rates for lymph node, but not thyroid, fine-needle aspirations
Robert Post, Kelly Doxzon, Allison Goldberg
Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.2023; 12(6): 407. CrossRef
Needle Biopsy Adequacy in the Era of Precision Medicine and Value-Based Health Care
Kenneth P. H. Pritzker, Heikki J. Nieminen
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2019; 143(11): 1399. CrossRef
The expression profile of integrin receptors and osteopontin in thyroid malignancies varies depending on the tumor progression rate and presence of BRAF V600E mutation
Galina Chernaya, Nina Mikhno, Tatiana Khabalova, Svetlana Svyatchenko, Lyudmila Mostovich, Sergey Shevchenko, Lyudmila Gulyaeva
Surgical Oncology.2018; 27(4): 702. CrossRef
Can thyroid surgery be decided based on ultrasonographic findings, irrespective of cytopathological findings? Five-year retrospective study in a district general hospital
A.A. Elsayed, C. Murdoch, S. Murray, K. Bashir
Clinical Radiology.2017; 72(2): 170. CrossRef
Efficacy of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration performed by surgeons newly trained in thyroid ultrasound
Agnaldo J. Graciano, Carlos A. Fischer, Carlos T. Chone, Giuliano S. Bublitz, Marina Sonagli, Cezar A. Rodrigues Filho
Head & Neck.2017; 39(3): 439. CrossRef
Usefulness of NRAS codon 61 mutation analysis and core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules previously diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance
Eun Kyung Jang, Won Gu Kim, Eui Young Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Yun Mi Choi, Min Ji Jeon, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Jene Choi, Dong Eun Song, Won Bae Kim
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Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
Won-Young Lee
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Carcinosarcoma of the Thyroid Gland
Mehmet Fatih Ekici, Cengiz Kocak, Zülfü Bayhan, Sezgin Zeren, Faik Yaylak, Mehmet Hüseyin Metineren, Fatma Emel Kocak
Case Reports in Surgery.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef
Letter: Insufficient Experience in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Leads to Misdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer (Endocrinol Metab2014;29:293-9, Jung Il Son et al.)
Hyon-Seung Yi, Sihoon Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(4): 590. CrossRef
Response: Insufficient Experience in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Leads to Misdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer (Endocrinol Metab2014;29:293-9, Jung Il Son et al.)
Jung Il Son, Jeong-taek Woo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(4): 592. CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolism
Association between Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Chan-Hee Jung, Ae-Rin Baek, Kyu-Jin Kim, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chul-Hee Kim, Sung-Koo Kang, Ji-Oh Mok; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(4):309-319. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.309

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

It is not clear whether microangiopathies are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the relation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and other microangiopathies with carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM.

Methods

A total of 131 patients with T2DM were stratified by mean carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) ≥ or <1.0 mm and the number of carotid plaques. CAN was assessed by the five standard cardiovascular reflex tests according to the Ewing's protocol. CAN was defined as the presence of at least two abnormal tests or an autonomic neuropathy points ≥2. Diabetic microangiopathies were assessed.

Results

Patients with CAN comprised 77% of the group with mean CIMT ≥1.0 mm, while they were 29% of the group with CIMT <1.0 mm (P=0.016). Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) comprised 68% of the group with CIMT ≥1.0 mm, while they were 28% of the group without CIMT thickening (P=0.003). Patients with CAN comprised 51% of the group with ≥2 carotid plaques, while they were 23% of the group with ≤1 carotid plaque (P=0.014). In multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis, the patients who presented with CAN showed an odds ratio [OR] of 8.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 44.8) for CIMT thickening and an OR of 2.9 (95% CI, 1.1 to 7.5) for carotid plaques. Furthermore, patients with DR were 3.8 times (95% CI, 1.4 to 10.2) more likely to have CIMT thickening.

Conclusion

These results suggest that CAN is associated with carotid atherosclerosis, represented as CIMT and plaques, independent of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM. CAN or DR may be a determinant of subclinical atherosclerosis in T2DM.

Citations

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